Cuando se modifican los planes reguladores comunales (PRC), que son los instrumentos de planificación urbana de las comunas que forman parte de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago y de las comunas localizadas en regiones que tienen Planes Reguladores Intercomunales (PRI), se requiere solo el informe favorable del Secretario Regional Ministerial (Seremi) de Vivienda y Urbanismo. Con tal autorización, ese acto administrativo se publica en el Diario Oficial y a partir de esa fecha se inicia su aplicación.
Como se observa los cambios urbanísticos en dichas comunas, para bien o para mal del sector inmobiliario y de las comunidades, operan sin que la Contraloría General de la República haya tomado razón de ese instrumento normativo, razón por la cual muchos de estos PRC,s adolecen de errores, algunos muy graves y de diferentes tipos. En cambio en las comunas del país insertas regiones donde no existen Planes Reguladores Intercomunales (PRI), la Contraloría sí toma razón de las modificaciones de sus PRC,s con lo cual se asegura que estos instrumentos sean ajustados a derecho, lo cual es lo sensato.
La fundación Defendamos la Ciudad, de la cual este columnista es su presidente y vocero, conocedora del desorden institucional existente desde siempre en materia de Vivienda y Urbanismo, ejerce desde hace unos cuantos años una labor de investigación para que algún día lleguemos a un cierto nivel de normalidad en la aplicación de las normas por parte de los actores que se desenvuelven en el negocio inmobiliario, pues ese mercado funciona bien solo si sus competidores se enmarcan con rigor y honestidad en las reglas del juego.
La asimetría en la información disponible y las ventajas indebidas que obtienen algunos bien relacionados, por parte de las Direcciones de Obras Municipales, corrompen este sector gravitante de la economía, lo que no parece importarle mayormente a las asociaciones gremiales empresariales, a las autoridades de los distintos gobiernos y hasta a los colegios profesionales ligados a la construcción: en primer término el Colegio de Arquitectos y el Colegio de Ingenieros.
En esta línea expositiva y con el propósito de que se enmiende el rumbo para que Chile se vaya asimilando progresivamente a la seriedad que se observa en los países del primer mundo, con énfasis en los situados ya sea en el norte de Europa como en el norte de América, damos cuenta de una situación local que podríamos calificar sin exagerar como sinceramente fantasmagórica.
En efecto,
1.- El 10 de octubre de 2017 ingresamos con Nº 210834 en la Contraloría una fundada denuncia relacionada con decretos que modificaban los usos de suelo del PRC de Las Condes, debido a que no se ciñeron al procedimiento idóneo para hacerlo y excediendo su ámbito de competencia. Le adjuntamos 13 decretos contrarios a derecho ya que se saltaban el procedimiento contemplado en los artículos 43 de la Ley General de Urbanismo y Construcciones (LGUC) y 2.1.11 de la Ordenanza General de Urbanismo y Construcciones (OGUC), solicitándole su actuación fiscalizadora.
2.- El 6 de diciembre de 2017 ingresamos con Nº 218708 en la Contraloría la denuncia en contra del Decreto Nº 1.626 de la alcaldesa de la Municipalidad de Quinta Normal, publicado el 2 de diciembre de ese año en el Diario Oficial, acompañando su texto, porque mediante un artículo único se cambiaban irregularmente las normas de edificación y subdivisión de 2 zonas determinadas de su PRC. Le decíamos a la Contraloría, entre otras cosas, que esas nuevas normas viciadas no podían otorgar certeza jurídica a los proyectos inmobiliarios que se acogieran a las mismas y que, por ello, ese decreto Nº 1.626 tenía que ser declarado improcedente por contravenir la legislación vigente como también la jurisprudencia de esa entidad de control.
3.- El mismo 6 de diciembre de 2017 ingresamos con Nº 218709 en la Contraloría la denuncia en contra del Decreto Nº 4.262 de la alcaldesa (S) de la Municipalidad de Quilicura, publicado el 5 de diciembre de ese año en el Diario Oficial, pues se enmendó el PRC respectivo con una serie interminable de irregularidades, incluso aludiendo a un artículo 479 de la OGUC, que no existe, para fijar la altura máxima y rasante y mencionando un ”frente predial mínimo” que tampoco existe en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. Ante tanto desbarajuste, demostrativo de que en esa municipalidad los funcionarios que se desempeñan en la materia son estudiantes en práctica, le pedimos a la Contraloría que dejara sin efecto ese Decreto Nº 4.262.
¿Qué sucedió con estas objeciones ?
A fines de enero de 2018 la Contraloría nos respondió a través de sus oficios 2.484, 3.476 y 3.477, respectivamente, que por no tener nuestra fundación derechos o intereses específicos en los asuntos denunciados, no se investigará nada, pero para salvar las apariencias se nos indicó que estas ilegalidades serán revisadas en sus futuros programas de fiscalización. Ergo, como se dice vulgarmente, “se tiró la pelota para más adelante” y así las equivocaciones cometidas por las municipalidades de Las Condes, Quinta Normal y Quilicura se mantendrán como tales durante un prolongado período de tiempo.
A propósito de esa insólita respuesta, por la labor de bien público que ejerce nuestra fundación, fue invitada con otras tantas similares, por la Contraloría para que sea miembro de la Asociación de la Sociedad Civil de dicha insigne institución republicana y en esa condición hemos tenido diversas e interesantes reuniones en su sede, dirigidas con singular acierto por Jorge Bermúdez, su actual titular.
En otro orden de materias y lo que decimos a continuación deben saberlo las organizaciones ciudadanas interesadas, mediante el dictamen Nº 8630 del 22.11. 07 de la Contraloría, el que tiene fuerza obligatoria, vigente a la fecha de esta columna, se expresa que ante un congelamiento (postergación de permisos y anteproyectos) publicado en el Diario Oficial, conforme al artículo 117 de la LGUC, una solicitud de anteproyecto es una mera expectativa, pues solo los anteproyectos aprobados, tal como lo dice el artículo 1.4.11 de la OGUC, se liberan del congelamiento.
Por último, si queremos ir erradicando la corrupción que el gobierno desea blanquear a través del desvergonzado artículo 5º de la ley sobre “el mercado del suelo e incrementos de valor por ampliaciones del límite urbano”, radicada en el Tribunal Constitucional, con los cambios reglamentarios necesarios, la Contraloría deberá tomar razón de todos los planes reguladores comunales y sus dictámenes tienen que ser acatados por los alcaldes, por muy pro inmobiliarios que ellos sean y para evitar que la Contraloría, en algunos casos, nos diga que carecemos de legitimidad para denunciar, a partir de ahora solo en situaciones muy escabrosas se las daremos a conocer.
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